VectorWorks

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Vectorworks

File:Vectorworks 12.5 on Mac OS X.pngA screenshot of Vectorworks v12.5 running on Mac OS X

Developed by

Nemetschek North America

Latest release

2009 / 15 September 2008

OS

Mac OS X, Windows

Type

CAD

Website

http://www.vectorworks.net/

Vectorworks is a computer-aided design (CAD) software program developed by Nemetschek North America (NNA) that is used for drafting, technical drawing and 3D modeling.

Contents

1 Description

2 History

2.1 Release history

3 References

4 See also

5 External links


//


Description

Vectorworks offers a full range of 2D, 3D, production management and presentation capabilities for all phases of the design process. Besides English, Vectorworks products are currently available in Japanese, German, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Norwegian[1].

In addition to offering traditional CAD tools, Vectorworks allows its users to design with real-world components. Users can sketch ideas with lines, arcs, and circles, then build and document designs with real-world objects, such as walls and windows, cabinets and stairs, plants and patterned walkways, lights and trusses, and more. The objects are easy to edit and automatically display both in 2D and 3D views. Vectorworks 3D models can be generated out of 2D drawings, and vice versa.

Vectorworks is able to communicate with other applications via DXF/DWG and IFC file translation and by importing and exporting a variety of file formats. Some of the file formats Vectorworks supports include SketchUp, 3ds, Shapefile/SHP, JPG, TIF, EPS, GIF, and BMP. Support for IGS, SAT, and STL allows users to send Vectorworks models to 3D printers and rapid prototyping machines.

Vectorworks provides automatic data tracking capabilities, which allow users to generate schedules, reports and materials lists based on the information contained in a design.

Advanced graphics capabilities allow users to create client presentations. Vectorworks gives users the ability to control line weights, as well as add colors, patterns, hatches, and gradient fills to designs. Sketch rendering technology enables users to give hard-lined drawings the appearance of soft, hand-sketched illustrations.

For more advanced 3D rendering capabilities, the plug-in Renderworks is available. Renderworks integrates with Vectorworks to provide both realistic and artistic effects. Some of the technology incorporated in Renderworks includes radiosity, raytracing, solar animation, non-photorealistic rendering, volumetric lighting, physical lights and area lights, a library of more than 1,250 textures, advanced texture mapping, background images, free image props, atmospheric effects and Macintosh and Windows support for QuickTime VR.

Vectorworks also incorporates a scripting language called VectorScript that lets its users create custom tools. VectorScript is a lightweight programming language that syntactically resembles Pascal, incorporating many of the programming constructs of that language. VectorScript is actually a 搒uperset of the Pascal language, extending basic Pascal capabilities with a number of APIs (application programming interfaces) that provide access to the features and functionality of the Vectorworks CAD engine. The Vectorworks product line includes:? Vectorworks Fundamentals? Vectorworks Architect? Vectorworks Landmark? Vectorworks Spotlight? Vectorworks Machine Design? Vectorworks Designer

Vectorworks Fundamentals contains the core Vectorworks CAD technology.

Vectorworks Architect

Vectorworks Architect builds upon Vectorworks' functionality in four general areas: drawing organization, project management, drawing notes management, and design tools. Vectorworks Architect contains more than 100 new, architectural-specific tools, objects, and commands. The program was designed exclusively for architecture professionals and was one of the first CAD programs to incorporate Building Information Modeling [2](BIM). The BIM technology within Vectorworks allows users to design in 2D and 3D simultaneously. VectorWorks Architect does not limit users to a certain workflow. Users can work in 2D only or merge 2D and 3D. Workgroup referencing features allow teams of designers to collaborate on the same project. Vectorworks Architect also offers management tools to help develop, organize, and manage CAD standards.

Vectorworks Landmark

Vectorworks Landmark contains 2D drafting and 3D modeling technology combined with professional tools specifically for site and landscape design built into the program. These include a Massing Model tool, an editable plant database, an exclusive Place Plant tool, plant, site, and landscape symbol libraries, a Hardscape tool, site modeling and analysis capabilities, irrigation design tools, and GIS shapefile import/export...(and so on)

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Chef's table

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A chef's table is a table located in the kitchen of a restaurant, reserved for VIPs and special guests. Patrons are served a tasting menu prepared and served by the head chef. Restaurants usually require a minimum party (e.g., six guests) and charge a flat fee (e.g., $75 per plate). Chef's tables are provided only by top-rated restaurants, and are sometimes available only by specific invitation.

An expanded definition of the chef's table, is the same table, set in the kitchen, used as a training tool for apprentices and other staff in training. They are scheduled on a weekly basis to provide a meal for the Executive Chef, and his kitchen managers. The menu would typically consist of a salad and an entree, or an entree and a dessert. This venue is used as a training tool, to expand the employee's skills and experience and training. At the end of the meal, the cook is included in a critique of the meal. Suggestions for improvement, praise, and advice is meted out in a professional manner, to improve the cook's performance.

Categories: Restaurant terminology

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Table Top Grill

Rotational mouse

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A rotational mouse is a type of computer mouse which attempts to expand traditional mouse functionality. The objective of rotational mice is to facilitate three degrees of freedom (3DOF) for human-computer interaction by adding a third dimensional input, yaw (or Rz), to existing the x and y dimensional inputs. There have been several attempts to develop rotating mice, using a variety of mechanisms to detect rotation [1].

Mechanisms to detect rotation

Mechanisms using relative measures of rotation: These devices are able to detect that the mouse has rotated by so many degrees, but cannot accurately identify where the rotation started or ended, increasing their tendency to lose orientation.

? 2-balls or 2-sensors

In 1989 we saw the first mention of actually rotating objects on screen by rotating the mouse, with a US patent for a cursor display apparatus, US patent number 4,887,230. This led to a succession of refinements of the 2-ball / 2-sensor mouse concept. Notable examples include:

1. Multi-dimensional input device; US 5,298,919

2. Positioning device reporting X, Y and Yaw motion; US 5,477,237

3. Twin mouse digitizer; US 6,081,258

4. Pointing device having rotational sensing mechanisms; US 6,618,038

5. Multiple sensor device and method; US 6,847,353

Unlike the conventional mouse which senses z-axis and y-axis displacement only, these 2-ball or 2-sensor mice are also able to sense z-axis angular motion, calculated by the two sets of x-y displacement data [2].

? Mechanical ring & rotary encoder

Within these devices rotation is detected by a mechanical ring (US 5,936,612). This mechanism was promoted by the Canadian company Handview Inc; however it apparently never made it to production.

? Gyroscopes or accelerometers

US Patent 6,130,664, named Input Device was the first known application of gyros to a rotating mouse. However, we still have not seen this technology in a commercial mouse to date.

Mechanisms using absolute measures of rotation

? Tablet/Digitiser pad

The patent for an Absolute position controller, US 4,814,533, is the earliest know reference to this type of input device. However, it was the patent for an orientational mouse computer input system, US 5,162,781, which suggested using a tablet with a detectable pattern or grid and sensors in the mouse for computer navigation.

The Wacom Intuos 4D Mouse was the first commercial rotating 憁ouse. The product was not a standalone mouse but rather a tablet accessory. It faced problems it the market for there was only a limited range of known applications to take advantage of the rotation feature.

? Compass

The Orbita mouse is the first commercially released non-tablet rotating mouse. Licensed and commercialized by Australian company Cyber Sport, the Orbita is equipped with a patented compass mechanism which solved the problems which plagued earlier rotating mechanisms. The inbuilt compass provides the mouse with ability to detect rotation based on the Earth抯 magnetic field so that it can accurately maintain orientation once the 憉p direction is specified. The round design makes it completely rotatable, spinning freely on ball bearings, and is usable at any angle due to the 憄ush and squeeze button configuration encased in a silicone soft shell. The mouse reports rotation as scroll wheel commands so compatible with most applications.

Due to the round shape the Orbita mouse is commonly confused as being similar to the Puck Apple mouse. However, the two mice are starkly different, primarily because the Puck mouse is not a rotating mouse. The Orbita, unlike the Puck mouse, is designed to be ergonomic, with the round shape practical, allowing the mouse to spin, rather than purely aesthetic.

Related devices

? Rockin mouse: A 3D mouse that rocks, rather than rotates.

? 3D Controllers used as a complement for a mouse:

1. Griffin PowerMate: A programmable USB multimedia controller in a knob design.

2. Contour ShuttlePro: A multi-button jog and shuttle multimedia controller.

3. 3D Connexion Space Navigator: A USB motion controller for navigating 3D applications.

4. Spatial Freedom Astroid: A rotating orb input device used to move 3D graphics objects.

? Trackballs. For example, the Kensington Expert Mouse: A large track ball surrounded by a scroll ring.

? Gyroscopic mice:

1.Logitech Air mouse: A wireless mouse that can control a computer cursor by being moved through the air, equipped with media features.

2. Wii Controller: A motion sensing remote which is the primary controller for Nintendo抯 Wii console.

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Straightheads

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Straightheads

Straightheads poster

Directed by

Dan Reed

Produced by

Peter CarltonDamian JonesKevin LoaderAlexander O'NealLee ThomasPaul Trijbits

Written by

Dan Reed

Starring

Gillian AndersonDanny Dyer

Music by

Ilan Eshkeri

Distributed by

Verve PicturesSony Pictures (US)

Release date(s)

United KingdomApril 27, 2007

Running time

80 minutes

Language

English

Budget

UK?1,800,000 (Estimated)

IMDb

Straightheads is a 2007 British thriller film which follows couple who are seeking revenge against a group of men who brutally attacked them. It is written and directed by Dan Reed, who made his directorial d閎ut.

The film features Gillian Anderson as Alice Comfort and Danny Dyer as Adam.

Contents

1 Synopsis

2 Plot

3 Cast

3.1 Cast Notes

4 Trivia

5 Music

6 DVD Release

7 References

8 External links


//


Synopsis

After leaving a party, a couple are brutally attacked by a group of men. After the police fail in finding their assailants, the couple decide to go after the men. The film examines the emotional and sexual issues caused by both the original attack and the decision to seek revenge.

Plot

Adam, a 23-year-old self-employed security technician, is hired by a businesswoman, Alice Comfort, to set up a security system in her house. After finishing the work, Adam falls asleep on a lawnchair in her backyard. When Alice arrives home and finds him there, she impulsively asks him to accompany her to a housewarming party for her boss. He is unsure, but eventually agrees.

After a drive, Alice and Adam arrive at the party. Alice leaves Adam to speak to some people at the party. Adam leaves the house, feeling out of place. Alice later finds Adam outside in the backyard, then leads him into some nearby woods and they have sex.

On the way home from the party, Alice and Adam are caught behind a slow-moving vehicle, which Alice frustratedly overtakes whilst Adam shouts out obscenities at the driver. Shortly thereafter, Alice is distracted from driving and accidentally hits a deer. She brings the car to a stop, and they drag the body off the road. While they are moving the body, the car that Alice had earlier overtaken pulls up to them. Several men get out, beat Adam into submission, and then gang-rape Alice.

A month passes, during which Adam and Alice physically heal - the only reminder of the attack being an eyepatch that Adam must wear to protect an eye wound he received during the beating - but both remain emotionally wounded. Upon returning to work, Alice receives notification that, while she was hospitalized following her rape, her father died. Alice drives out to his country estate to put his affairs in order, where she discovers a locked chest that she recognizes from her childhood. On the way home, she passes by a group of men on horseback, one of which she recognizes as having raped her. She gets his name - Heffer - from one of the other men.

Alice then contacts Adam, and he makes his way to Alice's father's house where she tells him that she's found one of the men responsible for attacking them. Alice shows Adam the contents of her father's locked chest: a sniper rifle and silencer that her father apparently smuggled home after being discharged from the army. Alice then tells Adam that she intends to avenge herself against Heffer.

Adam and Alice move into Alice's father's home, and spend their days practising shooting with the rifle. After they have become proficient with it, they take a trip out to the edge of Heffer's land and begin plotting on the best way to kill him. During their reconnaissance, they learn that Heffer has a dog on his property, that attempts to attack them any time they near the house. Alice shoots the dog, then makes a remorseful Adam collect its corpse so that they can dispose of it. A moment later, Heffer comes outside looking for the dog; Alice prepares to shoot him when a young woman (later identified as Heffer's daughter, Sophie) comes out of the house to help find the dog. Alice and Adam, disturbed by seeing their attacker as a human being, return home.

Over the next several days Alice and Adam try to determine if they should follow through with their plan; Adam, who has been impotent since the attack, steadily becomes more aggressive and committed to the idea of murdering Heffer. Alice, however, has grown reluctant to kill Heffer now that she has seen him in a human context; instead, she sends Adam to clandestinely set up security equipment in Heffer's house in an attempt to determine the identities and locations of his friends who participated in the gang-rape, so that they can kill them instead.

Adam succeeds in breaking into Heffer's house, where he learns that Heffer is the submissive party in his...(and so on)

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Underdrive pulleys

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Contents

1 Definition

2 History

3 Typical Usage Scenario

4 Usage Concerns


//


Definition

An Underdrive pulley refers to an aftermarket crankshaft or accessory pulley (such as an alternator pulley) that is designed to drive a vehicle's accessories at a slower rate than stock. Underdrive in general means the input rate of rotation in a system is greater than the output rate of rotation. However, an underdrive pulley is considered to be an accessory pulley that is larger than the stock pulley or a crankshaft pulley that is smaller than the stock crankshaft pulley, even though the accessory may not necessarily be underdriven with respect to the crankshaft pulley.

History

The original purpose of underdrive pulleys was to extend the life of the belt-drive accessories on race cars in the 1950s and 60s which were not meant to rotate at such high speeds. Such belt-drive accessories include water pumps, alternators, and power steering pumps. Underdrive pulleys did not become mainstream until the mid to late 1980s, with their introduction from March Performance for fuel injected 5.0L Mustangs, Camaros & Trans Ams. They also appeared for small displacement engines in the mid-nineties with the entry into the market of Unorthodox Racing.[citation needed]

Typical Usage Scenario

Underdrive pulleys usually are marketed as a performance enhancing item that increases the torque and horsepower output of an engine by reducing parasitic drag caused by belt-driven accessories, but more importantly by reducing the moment of inertia. Horsepower gains from underdrive pulleys alone are usually minimal, 1-3 wheel horsepower depending on the engine. HP gains from being lighter can be significant, from 4-14 HP for normally aspirated engines and 12-25 HP for forced induction engines. These are some of the best HP improvements enthusiasts can find for their money.[citation needed]

Usage Concerns

Be careful if your car is driven on the street to not have more than 15-20% underdrive. Some companies also offer stock diameter crankshaft and accessory pulleys. Poorly designed cheap pulleys or copies and knock-offs of major brands can have severe side effects because of too much underdrive of the alternator, power steering, and/or air conditioning units, which are not spinning fast enough. These lead to dips in alternator voltage, power assist, and air conditioning effectiveness may be noticeable, especially at idle. The headlights may dim when coming to a stop, or the stereo may lower in volume, for instance. Too much underdrive for a race car, this is not of concern, but for a daily driven vehicle it can be a major annoyance.

Changing the original crankshaft pulley can have negative effects if the replacement pulley is not manufactured properly. A crankshaft or accessory pulley that is not machined or balanced properly can cause severe damage. For most domestic V8s a harmonic damper is necessary to absorb crankshaft vibrations. Early to mid-year V8's kept the pulley and damper as separate components. Most late model V8s now integrate the damper and the pulley into one part. For small displacement engines found in many import and domestic vehicles (4.0L and under) the original crankshaft pulley only serves to quiet noise vibration and harshness (NVH) you hear in the occupant compartment. Although it may look like a damper on V8's engines it serves no protection function to the engine. It is the same as the baffles and resonators found in the intakes and exhausts systems of most cars today that serve to make the engine as quiet as feasibly possible. The first things most enthusiasts do is install high flow intakes and exhausts; the quieting function is eliminated.[citation needed]

Categories: Auto parts

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Cheltenham College

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Cheltenham College

Motto

Latin: Labor Omnia Vincit("Work Conquers All")

Established

July 1841

Type

Independent, Day & Boarding

Religion

Anglican

Headmaster

John S Richardson

President

The Revd J C Horan

Location

Bath RoadCheltenhamGloucestershireGL53 7LDEngland

LEA

Gloucestershire

Staff

88[1]

Students

600[1]

Gender

Co-educational

Ages

13 to 18

Houses

10

Former students

Old Cheltonians

Website

www.cheltcoll.gloucs.sch.uk

Cheltenham College is a famous co-educational independent school, located in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England.

The first of all the major public schools of the Victorian period, it was opened in July 1841. An Anglican foundation, it is known for its classical, military and sporting traditions.

The 1893 book Great Public Schools by E. S. Skirving, S. R. James, Henry Churchill, and Maxwell Lyte, which had a chapter on each of what they regarded to be England's ten greatest public schools, included Cheltenham College.

Contents

1 Work and service

2 Sport

3 Houses

4 Notable former pupils (Old Cheltonians)

4.1 Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians

4.1.1 Display of Victoria Crosses

4.2 George Cross recipient

5 Headmasters and Principals

5.1 Principals (1841-1919)

5.2 Headmasters (1919 - present)

5.3 Headmasters of the Junior School

6 References

7 See also

8 External links


//


Work and service

More than 600 Old Cheltonians (former pupils) were killed in the service of their country in World War I, and more than 400 in World War II. Cheltenham's military past is recognised by the fact that it is one of only two schools (the other being Eton) to have its own military colours (last presented in 2000 by The Princess Royal).



Cheltenham College chapel and library (Big Modern)

The names of those Old Cheltonians killed in the wars are recorded in the cloisters of the College chapel completed in the 1890s, which to a degree resembles King's College Chapel in Cambridge and is one of the finest chapels of any English public school.

Cheltenham has approximately 600 pupils (150 being day pupils) between the ages of 13 and 18.[2] The fees are about ?28,000 a year, making it amongst the most expensive schools in the country.[3] The school is now co-educational and maintains a strong academic reputation, with the majority of pupils going to The Russell Group Universities with a handful going on to Oxford and Cambridge universities. Both GCSE and A Level results are among the highest in Gloucestershire;[4][5] however, these results are not accurately reflected in those league tables which do not recognise the IGSE in Mathematics (which is taken by the majority of pupils).[6]

There is also a prep school, Cheltenham College Junior School, most of whose pupils go on to the senior school.

Cheltenham also runs an annual exchange program with the Wynberg Boys school in Cape Town, South Africa; a prestigious all-boys boarding school which co-incidently was established in the same year as Cheltenham, 1841.

Sport

Cheltenham has a strong sporting tradition, competing with larger single gender schools at the highest level. The first inter-school rugby football match was played between Rugby School and Cheltenham College, Cheltenham beating Rugby; and the "Cheltenham Rules" were adopted by the Rugby Football Union in 1887. The school has had particular success at raquets where, at times, they have dominated the Queen's Club Public Schools Competition; at polo where they were National Schools Champions in 1997, 1998, 2004, & 2005 and Arena Champions in 2004, 2005 & 2006, and again at rugby where they have reached the final of The National Schools 7's Festival four times in the last ten years, winning the competition in 1998, 2003 and 2004. Cheltenham's rugby XV was undefeated in the 2008 season.[7]

Houses

There are ten houses, three of which are day houses; Southwood for the boys and Queens or Westal for the girls. Ashmead, Chandos and Westal (a boarding and day house) are the girls' boarding houses whilst the boys reside in either Boyne House, Christowe, Hazelwell, Leconfield or Newick House.

Notable former pupils (Old Cheltonians)

Lindsay Anderson, film director, shot the 1968 film If.... chiefly at Cheltenham College

Peter Atkinson, Former Journalist and Conservative MP for Hexham 1992-present

Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra

Sir Alan Haselhurst, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons

Jonah Barrington, squash player, ex-world champion and ex-world number one

Andrew Cecil Bradley, Shakespeare critic

Chris Bryant, Labour MP for Rhondda 2001

Simon Danielli, Scottish...(and so on)

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DIGITAL Q1

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The Digital Q1 is a FUJIFILM camera model.

Contents

1 Features

2 Zoom/Flashlight

3 Picture files

4 Resolutions

5 Adjustments

6 Built-in LCD


//


Features

The Digital Q1 is a 2 megapixel digital camera. It contains internal flash memory and a xd-card slot, USB port for file transfer. The camera has 3 resolutions, and a function to record compressed, low-resolution video (AVI format). It can be used as webcam via USB port. The DIGITAL Q1 is a low-cost, beginners model, only date and time need to be set. A 16 Mbyte XD-Card is included into the distribution.

Zoom/Flashlight

There are two zoom systems: one hardware zoom (with little effect, however it turns off the flashlight), and a 4-stage digital zoom. The flashlight is built in, powered by the two AA batteries, it can be switched off.

Picture files

DCFS/DCIF is used. The camera includes a battery backed clock, time and date are included into the Exif record. Format for the pictures is JPEG, AVI for the video files.

Resolutions

320x200 (video)

640x480 (low)

1200*800 (medium)

1600*1200 (high)

Adjustments

The Exif record includes the shutter time, which varies much in relation to the brightness situation. There are menu options to adjust brightness (and other) paramaters, with little effect, the firmware aligns to a medium result.

Built-in LCD

The display shows the scenario as it would be pictured. The recorded picture files can be browsed, and transferred from the internal 8 MB flash memory to the xd-card slot. If a card is present while photographing, the card is used for storage. Picture files can be deleted as well. The battery energy level is monitored.

Categories: Fujifilm cameras | Digital cameras | Point and shoot cameras

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Tamiya Terra Crusher

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(Redirected from Terra Crusher)



Terra Crusher (TG-01) is a radio controlled nitro engine (glow engine) powered 1/8 scale truck released in July 2002, by Tamiya Corporation of Japan.

Contents

1 Significance

2 History

3 Mechanical Design

4 Design Flaw

5 Legacy

6 The Future

7 Footnotes


//


Significance

Terra Crusher was an attempt from Tamiya aimed at nitro RC truck market, dominated by American trucks such as T-Maxx from Traxxas. The popularity of T-Maxx was overwhelming and it started an off-road monster RC boom. Responding to the popularity of this new segment, other manufacturers such as Tamiya and Team Associated developed of nitro trucks that could compete with T-Maxx. Terra Crusher had all the strong points of T-Maxx, and had to offer more to compete. Terra Crusher thus featured all the major features of T-Maxx, such as big tire 4x4 with two shocks per tire, in 2 speed transmission, as well as reverse gear and on-board starting system. In addition, Terra Crusher was much bigger. T-Maxx weighs 4kg, Terra Crusher weighs 5.7kg. Terra Crusher was offered at about the same street price of $400. To lower the production cost, Terra Crusher had 2 channel radio set instead of 3; lacking this extra gear meant that reverse was done with a differential gear.

History

Tamiya's first nitro truck, and first nitro vehicle, was TR-15, released in 1994. TR-15, along with its 0.15 engine started Tamiya's nitro RC line. TR-15 was a 2 wheel drive stadium truck. RC electric vehicles offered the more popular 4x4 system. Next was Mad Bison, released in 2000. It was simply a 4 wheel drive on-road car with off road tires; a reduction gear that bulged under the chassis bottomed out easily). Unlike these two predecessors, Terra Crusher was built from scratch, built to take on world's most successful nitro truck at the time. New to Terra Crusher were a double wishbone suspensions with 2 shocks per tire, differential for reverse gear, on-board starting system, and telescoping universals.

Mechanical Design

Terra Crusher's was built to compete with T-Maxx and thus TC's design was sound. Two extra long shock absorbers were installed on each double wishbone suspension to ensure long soft travel. 2 speed transmission and reverse worked differently from T-Maxx. Differential gears in the center worked as a reverse gear and 2 speed was centrifugal gear change. 2 channel radio meant that one throttle servo worked to increase/decrease engine RPM, brakes, reverse gear. This complex throttle design was clever, however a bit difficult to set up.

Design Flaw

Mechanical design itself was sound. Wild Commando, TNX both have same design, and they are excellent vehicles. However, 175mm tires on Terra Crusher proved to be too heavy for 3cc engine. Each wheel and each tire weighed between 500-600 grams. All four would weigh over 2kg, just as much as one entire on-road car. Another large sized truck from another manufacturer, Team Associated, called Monster GT, has tires with same dimension, but they weigh much less. Simply by installing Monster GT's tires, Terra Crusher's weight problem could be readily remedied, as TNX in recent years have proved. 3cc engine was only slightly bigger than 2.5cc engine of T-Maxx, however, that increase was not sufficient to overcome the doubling of the total mass. In addition, exhasut manifold was right angled. In two-stroke engines of these RC trucks, exhaust has an important function. Explosive exhasut would go to the end of the tuned pipe and bounce back into the combustion chamber. L shaped exhaust manifold of Terra Crusher engine hampered the effectiveness of tuned pipe, further weakening the engine's performance.

Immediately after the release of Terra Crusher, it was evident that Terra crusher suffered under the weight of massive 175mm tires and lack of power from 0.18(3cc) engine.[1]

Tamiya corrected the flaws by simply releasing Wild Commando with smaller and lighter tires only a few months after the release of Terra Crusher.

Legacy

Wild Commando (TGM-02) was released in the fall of 2002, only few months after the release of Terra Crusher. It was completely identical to Terra Crusher, but equipped with much lighter and smaller tires. That alone reduced weight from 5.7kg to 4.8kg and improved performance greatly. The same small size tires were sold separately for Terra Crusher. However, smaller 144mm tires that were better suited for on-road races were not popular for fans of Terra Crusher who wanted a rugged off-road monster truck.[2]

TNX (TGM-03) was released in 2004 proved that Terra Crusher's basic mechanical design was a very sound one. TNX is almost identical to Terra Crusher, aside from a few upgrades, notably stronger O.S designed 1.8 (3cc, up from 2.5cc) glow engine, removal of electronics box and employing much lighter tires. TNX 148mm...(and so on)

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Santoni

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Santoni S.P.A.

Headquarters

Corridonia MC, Italy

Key people

Andrea and Rosa Santoni [Founders] Giuseppe Santoni [director of the company]

Industry

Consumer Goods

Products

shoes luxury goods belts bags

Employees

? 330

Website

Official website

Santoni s.p.a., is an Italian famous luxury shoe trade mark and leather goods producer (i.e. accessories: belts, bags and other products). The company was founded by Andrea and Rosa Santoni in 1975. Santoni is a family business. It is being managed now by the second generation of Italian family Santoni. Giuseppe Santoni is now responsible for the family business being the head of the maison.

Santoni has gained its position in the high level luxury segment, thanks to the Limited Edition line, to the exclusive Classic models, to the Casual products (among them it is worth mentioning an important partnership between Santoni and Mercedes Amg, started in 2005), to the lady line and the brand extension with Junior and accessories. For the elegant and sophisticated woman Santoni has created the Rose Collection, haute couture shoes distributed only to the most selected clients all over the world.

Contents

1 History of Santoni company

2 Giuseppe Santoni

3 Ilenia Santoni

4 Interesting facts

5 Famous clients

6 See also

7 External links


//


History of Santoni company



Andrea and Giuseppe Santoni

Santoni company was founded in 1975 starting with the production of high quality men's shoes. It was founded by Andrea Santoni together with his wife Rosa.

Andrea Santoni was born in Corridonia (MC) on September 26th, 1938, by a traditional family, dedicated to agriculture. When he was 16, after interrupting school, he decided to learn how to cut the leathers in a small shoe factory: many sacrifices but with passion, a hard work and dedication he learns step after step the main aspects of this work. Thanks to private lessons Andrea Santoni improves his technical abilities.

1 Andrea Santoni becomes production manager in an important shoe factory. It is a hard job but with great satisfactions. Together with his wife Rosa they establish a small company, a sort of domestic atelier for the production of uppers.

In 1975, thanks to the increasing business, Santoni moves the company to a bigger place. The production increases but, according to the Santoni抯 philosophy every single production phase must be done inside the company, so to obtain a very high quality final product and, as a consequence, the complete satisfaction of the client. At the beginning of the 80抯 Andrea Santoni抯 dream, that is to have his own brilliant activity, is becoming real.



Santoni Rose Collection shoes

After several researches in 1985 he starts an important expansion of the company towards foreign markets, in particular towards Usa. Handcraftsmanship of production, witnessed primarily by a great class product, is underlined by the constant involvement of Santoni family: after several years of sacrifices and investments in 1989 Santoni establishes the actual company built on 1500 square metres, where the entire production is concentrated.

The growing involvement inside the company of Giuseppe and Ilenia Santoni, Andrea抯 son and daughter, represent a constant innovation for the atelier. In 1999 a new factory, dedicated to the production of moccasins and Santoni club shoes, is established. In 2005 a factory dedicated to the lady collection is established.

Nowadays Santoni is well known all over the world among luxury accessory brands, not only for men抯 footwear but also for ladies shoes, children shoes and leather accessories.

Giuseppe Santoni



Giuseppe Santoni, director of the company

Giuseppe Santoni was born in the city of Macerata on 24th June 1968. As soon as he finished the accountancy high school, in spite of his young age, he was already a good businessman so he was charged from his father Andrea with the important responsibility of localizing the most important countries where to export Santoni抯 products.

Giuseppe left for the Far East and made very important partnerships with Japan and China. Once he came back to Italy he strengthened a joint venture with a very prestigious American partner, which helped him to increase Santoni抯 presence in the global market by 28%. Then he followed up a modern way of doing marketing using the support of some European agencies. Thus, he managed to lead Santoni抯 brand up to the very first positions among the most prestigious fashion designers of North Europe.

As far as the company organization is concerned, he coordinates a group of young stylists, creating Santoni抯 collections both for man and woman directly from the fashion department inside the firm. So he is personally involved in the style,...(and so on)

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Zinc-carbon battery

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Zinc-carbon batteries of different sizes.

A zinc-carbon dry cell or battery is packaged in a zinc can that serves as both a container and anode. It was developed from the wet Leclanch cell (pronounced /l?kl??n??e?/). The cathode is a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon powder. The electrolyte is a paste of zinc chloride and ammonium chloride dissolved in water. Zinc chloride cells are an improved version from the original ammonium chloride variety. Zinc-carbon batteries are the least expensive primary batteries and thus a popular choice by manufacturers when devices are sold with batteries included. They can be used in remote controls, flashlights, toys, or transistor radios, where the power drain is not too heavy.

Contents

1 A primary cell

2 Chemical Reactions

3 Leakage

4 The Zinc Chloride Cell

5 References


//


A primary cell

A zinc-carbon dry cell is described as a primary cell because as the cell is discharged, it is not intended to be recharged and must be discarded. "Battery Rejuvenators" were once marketed to restore partially discharged zinc-carbon cells by applying a reverse current to them. However the effects of such devices were only temporary and prone to cause the cell to leak or burst. [1] Zinc-carbon cells are more likely to leak as the anode is the container. The first ever zinc-carbon battery was invented in Selsdon, Croydon in Greater London in 1834.

Chemical Reactions

The container of the zinc-carbon dry cell is a zinc can. This contains a layer of NH4Cl with ZnCl2 aqueous paste separated by a paper layer from a mixture of powdered carbon & manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) which is packed around a carbon rod.



Cross-section of a zinc-carbon battery.

In a dry cell, the outer zinc container is the anode (-). The zinc is oxidised according to the following half-equation.

Zn(s) ? Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-

A graphite rod surrounded by a powder containing manganese(IV) oxide is the cathode(+). The manganese dioxide is mixed with carbon powder to increase the conductivity of the cathode mixture. The cathode reaction is as follows:

2MnO2(s) + H2(g)? Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l)

The H2 comes from the NH4+(aq):

2NH4+(aq) + 2 e- ? H2(g) + 2NH3(aq)

and the NH3 combines with the Zn2+.

In this half-reaction, the manganese is reduced from an oxidation state of (+4) to (+3).

There are other possible side-reactions, but the overall reaction in a zinc-carbon cell can be represented as:

Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) ? Mn2O3(s) + Zn(NH3)22+(aq) + H2O(l)

The battery has an e.m.f. of about 1.5 V. The approximate nature of the e.m.f is related to the complexity of the cathode reaction. The anode (zinc) reaction is comparatively simple with a known potential. Side reactions and depletion of the active chemicals increases the internal resistance of the battery, and this causes the e.m.f. to drop.

Leakage

When the dry cell has been used for a certain time, the zinc container becomes thinner because zinc metal is oxidised to zinc ions. When the zinc case thins enough, zinc chloride begins to leak out of the battery. The old dry cell is not leakproof. It becomes very sticky as the paste leaks through the holes in the zinc case. The service life of the battery is short, with a shelf life of around 1.5 years.

Furthermore, the zinc casing in the dry cell gets thinner slowly, even when the cell is not being used. It is because the ammonium chloride inside the battery is acidic, reacting with the zinc.

The Zinc Chloride Cell

The (heavy duty) zinc chloride cell is an improvement on the original zinc-carbon cell, using purer chemicals and giving a longer life and steadier voltage output as it is used. Instead of an electrolyte mixture containing much NH4Cl, it is largely only ZnCl2 paste. The cathode reaction is thus a little different:

MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + e- ? MnO(OH)(s) + OH-(aq)

as is the overall reaction:

Zn(s) + 2 MnO2(s) + ZnCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) ? 2 MnO(OH)(s) + 2 Zn(OH)Cl(aq)

References

Eveready: Carbon Zinc Application Notes

Rayovac: Alkaline and Heavy Duty Application Notes

Power Stream Battery Chemistry FAQs

Photoflash Battery

Cell Construction



v?d?eGalvanic cells

Primary (non-rechargeable) cells

Daniell cell| Lithium battery| Alkaline battery| Mercury battery| Zinc-carbon battery| Silver-oxide battery| Zinc-air battery| NiOx Battery

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Danny Webb (motorcycle racer)

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Danny Webb

No free image

Nationality

British

Dateofbirth

March 22, 1991 (1991-03-22) (age17)[1]

Placeofbirth

Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England

Website

dannywebb.com

125cc World Championship Record

Current team

DeGraaf Grand Prix

Bike number

99

World Championships

0

Race starts

32

Race Wins

0

Podium finishes

0

Pole positions

0

Fastest laps

0

Championship Points

38

2008 Championship position

17th (30 pts)

Danny Webb (born March 22, 1991 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent) is a British motorcycle racer. He currently races in the world 125cc Championship. For 2009, he will ride for the DeGraaf Grand Prix team, in 125, partnering Randy Krummenacher.

Career history

1997-2000 Junior Motorcross championship

2000-2001 British Mini-Moto Championship

2002 Maximum attitude Mini-Moto Championship

2003 South-East Junior Mini Moto Champion

2003 Mini Moto ACU Academy

2004 MRO Superteen Aprilia

2005 British 125gp Championship

2006 Moto GP Academy

2006 Spanish 125cc Championship

2007-2009 De Graaf Honda 125cc World Championship

References

^ "Danny Webb". motogp.com. 2008-10-30. http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Danny+Webb.

External links

Personal website

This British Motorcycle racing biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: 1991 births | Living people | People from Kent | Sport in Kent | English motorcycle racers | 125cc World Championship riders | United Kingdom motorcycle racing biography stubs(and so on)

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Ercol

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Ercol is the name of a British furniture manufacturer. The firm dates back to 1920, when it was established in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, as Furniture Industries by Lucian Ercolani (18881976).

In 1944, Ercol was contracted by the government Board of Trade to produce 100,000 low-cost Windsor chairs chairs with a bentwood frame and an arched back supporting delicate spindles. For the order to be a commercial success, Ercol perfected the steam-bending of wood in large quantities. The wood selected was English elm a wood previously thought impossible to bend because it distorted. Ercol抯 innovation meant the chair could be assembled from fourteen pre-formed components, and mechanisation meant that a chair could be made every twenty seconds.

In 1946, Ercol exhibited its bentwood furniture at the Britain Can Make It exhibition, held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. In 1947, the first production-line Windsor chair, and other pieces from the range of Windsor furniture, went on sale. Ercol's mass-produced furniture found a ready market in post-war Britain, which demanded smaller pieces with simpler lines than their chunky pre-war counterparts. Ercol furniture was exhibited at the 1951 Festival of Britain, as it represented the latest style and fashion in furniture design and manufacture.

In 2002 Ercol moved to a new purpose-built facility in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, where it produces furniture made from North American elm and European ash, beech, oak and walnut from naturally regenerative forests. This facility has won a number of awards for its architecture, design and environmental features. The building's heat and hot water is provided from wood waste, whilst the company does not use solvent-based stains and lacquers, instead using the more environmentally friendly water-based versions.

Ercol's ranges of upholstery, dining, cabinet and occasional furniture are on sale through a network of retailers in the UK, Japan and Korea and directly to other territories, whilst a range of ex-display and factory seconds are available from its factory outlet in Princes Risborough. Ercol's Gina recliner was the first piece of domestic furniture to be awarded the Ergonomics Excellence award by FIRA, the UK furniture industry's independent furniture test house.

Ercol has been awarded the Manufacturing Guildmark by the Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers in recognition of its commitment to design and to quality of manufacture. Ercol's Napoli range of sofas and easy chairs, introduced in the Autumn of 2007, was voted "Best Fabric Sofa" at the industry's Interiors Birmingham 2008 show. This range was designed for ercol by young British designer Shaun Dare, who used ercol's skill with bending solid timber to create the range's modern bent oak frame.

Source

L. R. Ercolani A Furniture Maker: His Life, His Works and His Observations, (London: Ernest Benn, 1975)

External links

Ercol company website

Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers website

Ercol's Gina recliner range

Ercol's Napoli range

Categories: Furniture manufacturers | Furniture | Woodworking(and so on)

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