Ball: Lithium iron phosphate battery

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Battery specifications

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Energy/weight

90-110 Wh/kg

Energy/size

220 Wh/L

Power/weight

>3000 W/Kg

Energy/consumer-price

$1.50 US$/Wh

Time durability

>10 years

Cycle durability

2000 cycles

Nominal Cell Voltage

3.3 V

The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery (also designated "LFP") is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium ion battery, which uses LiFePO4 as a cathode material.

Contents

1 History

2 Advantages and disadvantages

3 Specifications

4 Safety

5 Usage

6 Manufacturers

7 References

//

History

LiFePO4 was discovered by John Goodenough's research group at the University of Texas in 1996[1],[2] as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Because of its low cost, non-toxicity, the high abundance of iron, its excellent thermal stability, safety characteristics, good electrochemical performance, and high specific capacity (170 mA/g) it gained some market acceptance.[3][4]

The key barrier to commercialization was its intrinsically low electrical conductivity. This problem, however, was then overcome partly by reducing the particle size and effectively coating the LiFePO4 particles with conductive materials such as carbon, and partly by employing the doping[3] approaches developed by Yet-Ming Chiang and his coworkers at MIT using cations of materials such as aluminum, niobium, and zirconium. It was later shown that most of the conductivity improvement was due to the presence of nanoscopic carbon originating from organic precursors.[5] Products using the carbonized and doped nanophosphate materials developed by Chiang are now in high volume mass production by A123Systems and other companies[citation needed], and are used in industrial products by major corporations including Black and Decker's DeWalt brand, General Motors' Chevrolet Volt, Daimler, Cessna and BAE Systems.

Most lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products are lithium cobalt oxide batteries (LiCoO2). Other varieties of lithium-ion batteries include lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and lithium-nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The batteries are named after the material used for their cathodes; the anodes are generally made of carbon and a wide variety of electrolytes are used.

Advantages and disadvantages

The LiFePO4 battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many of its advantages and disadvantages with other lithium ion battery chemistries. The key advantages for LiFePO4 are the safety (resistance to thermal runaway) and the high current or peak-power rating. Cost is claimed to be a major difference as well, but, that cannot be verified until the cells are more widely used in the marketplace.

LFP batteries have some drawbacks:

The specific energy (energy/volume) of a new LFP battery is somewhat lower than that of a new LiCoO2 battery. Battery manufacturers across the world are currently working to find ways to maximize the energy storage performance and reduce size & weight.[6]

Brand new LFP's have been found to fail prematurely if they are "deep cycled" (discharged below 33% level) too early. A break-in period of 20 charging cycles is currently recommended by some distributors.[citation needed]

Rapid charging will shorten lithium-ion battery (including LFP) life-span when compared to traditional trickle charging.[citation needed]

The lithium reserves are estimated at 30,000 tonnes in 2015[7].

While LiFePO4 cells have lower voltage and energy density than normal, LiCoO2 Li-ion cells, this disadvantage is offset over time by the slower rate of capacity loss (aka greater calendar-life) of LiFePO4 when compared with other lithium-ion battery chemistries (such as LiCoO2 "cobalt" or LiMnO2 "manganese spinel" based Lithium-ion polymer batteries or Lithium-ion batteries).[8][9] For example:

After one year of use, a LiFePO4 cell typically has approximately the same energy density as a normal, LiCoO2 Li-ion cell.

Beyond one year of use, a LiFePO4 cell is likely to have higher energy density than a normal, LiCoO2 Li-ion cell due to the differences in their respective calendar-lives.

Specifications

Cell voltage = Min. discharge voltage = 2.8V. Working voltage = 3.0V to 3.3V. Max. charge voltage = 3.6V.

Volumetric Energy density = 220 Wh/L

Gravimetric Energy Density = 90 Wh/kg [1]

Deep cycle life =? (Number of Deep cycles to 66% of capacity)

80% Cycle life = 2000 (Number of cycles using 80% of rated capacity)

Cathode Composition (weight)

90% C-LiFePO4, grade Phos-Dev-12

5% Carbon EBN-10-10 (Superior Graphite)

5% PVDF

Cell Configuration

Carbon-Coated Aluminum current collector 15

1.54cm2 cathode

Electrolyte: EC-DMC 1-1...(and so on)