Tensile structure

I want to introduct something about .

The world's first tensile steel Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895

The Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Kings Domain, Melbourne
A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression elements.
Most tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or bending elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly the Millennium Dome), compression rings or beams.
Tensile membrane structures are most often used as roofs as they can economically and attractively span large distances.
Contents
1 History
2 Types of structure with significant tension members
2.1 Linear structures
2.2 Three-dimensional structures
2.3 Surface-stressed structures
3 Cable and membrane structures
3.1 Membrane materials
3.2 Cables
3.3 Structural forms
3.4 Form-finding
3.5 Pretension
4 Simple mathematics of cables
4.1 Transversely and uniformly loaded cable
4.2 Cable with central point load
5 Tensioned cable oscillations
6 Notable structures
7 Gallery of well known tensile structures
8 See also
9 External links
10 Further reading
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History

The Olympic Stadium in Munich makes extensive use of tensile roofing structures.
This form of construction has only become well understood and widespread in large structures in the latter part of the twentieth century. Tensile structures have long been used in tents, where the guy ropes provide pre-tension to the fabric and allow it to withstand loads.
Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of tensile structures, shells and membranes. Shukhov designed eight tensile structures and thin-shell structures exhibition pavilions for the Nizhny Novgorod Fair of 1896, covering the area of 27,000 square meters. A very early large-scale use of a membrane-covered tensile structure is the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, constructed in 1958.
Antonio Gaudi used the concept in reverse to create a compression-only structure for the Colonia Guell Church. He created a hanging tensile model of the church to calculate the compression forces and to experimentally determine the column and vault geometries.
The concept was later pioneered by German architect and engineer Frei Otto, who first used the idea in the construction of the German pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal. Otto next used the idea for the roof of the Olympic Stadium for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.
Since the 1960s, tensile structures have been championed by designers and engineers such as Ove Arup, Buro Happold, Walter Bird of Birdair, Inc., Frei Otto, Eero Saarinen, Horst Berger, Matthew Nowicki, Jorg Schlaich, the duo of Nicholas Goldsmith & Todd Dalland at FTL Design & Engineering Studio and David Geiger.
Steady technological progress has increased the popularity of fabric-roofed structures. The low weight of the materials makes construction easier and cheaper than standard designs, especially when vast open spaces have to be covered.
Types of structure with significant tension members
Linear structures
Suspension bridges
Draped cables
Cable-stayed beams or trusses
Cable trusses
Straight tensioned cables
Three-dimensional structures
Bicycle wheel (can be used as a roof in a horizontal orientation)
3D cable trusses
Tensegrity structures
Tensairity structures
Surface-stressed structures
Prestressed membranes
Pneumatically stressed membranes
Cable and membrane structures

The World First steel membrane roof and lattice steel Shell in the Shukhov Rotunda, Russia, 1895
Membrane materials
Common materials for doubly-curved fabric structures are PTFE coated fibreglass and PVC coated polyester. These are woven materials with different strengths in different directions. The warp fibres (those fibres which are originally straightquivalent to the starting fibres on a loom) can carry greater load than the weft or fill fibres, which are woven between the warp fibres.
Other structures make use of ETFE film, either as single layer or in cushion form (which can be inflated, to provide good insulation properties or for aesthetic effects on the Allianz Arena in Munich). ETFE cushions can also be etched with patterns in order to let different levels of light through when inflated to different levels. They are most often supported by a structural frame as they cannot derive their strength from double curvature.
Cables

Simple suspended bridge working entirely in tension
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