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Common insulation applications inside an apartment building in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

Building insulation refers broadly to any object in a building used as insulation for any purpose. Whilst the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation (eg. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an insulation material will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.

Contents

1 Thermal Insulation

2 Planning

2.1 In the USA

3 Climate

3.1 Cold climates

3.2 Hot climates

4 Orientation - Passive Solar Design

5 Construction

5.1 Building envelope

5.2 Thermal bridge

6 Materials

6.1 Conductive and convective insulators ('Bulk insulation')

6.2 Radiant heat barriers

6.3 Installation of insulation

7 Home energy audit

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

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Thermal Insulation

Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, fiberglass, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite. But it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation and convection materials.[1][2], and earth or soil.

The effectiveness of insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value. However, an R-value does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues include inadequate vapour barriers, and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the construction properties and density of the insulation material itself is critical. For example, according to Leah Twings, Quality Compliance Manager of Textrafine Insulation, fiberglass insulation materials made from short strands of glass layered over each other is not as durable as insulation made from long entangled strands of glass.

Planning

How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Regional climates make for different requirements. Building codes specify only the bare minimum; insulating beyond what code requires is often recommended.

The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter throughout the day and from season to season. It is important to choose an appropriate design, the correct combination of materials and building techniques to suit the particular situation.

In the USA

An initial estimate of insulation needs in the United States can be determined by the US Department of Energy's ZIP code insulation calculator.

Climate

Cold climates

In cold conditions, the main aim is to reduce heat flow out of the building. The components of the building envelope - windows, roofs and walls, and air infiltration are all important sources of heat loss[3][4]; in an otherwise well insulated home, windows will then become an important source of heat transfer.[5]. The resistance to conducted heat loss for standard glazing corresponds to an R-value of about 0.17W/m2/Ko[6] (compared to 2-4W/m2/Ko for glasswool batts[7]). Losses can be reduced by good weatherisation, bulk insulation, and minimising the amount of non-insulative (particularly non-solar facing) glazing. Indoor thermal radiation can also be retarded with spectrally selective (low-e, low-emissivity) glazing. Some insulated glazing systems can double to triple R values.

Hot climates

In hot conditions, the greatest source of heat energy is solar radiation.[8]This can enter buildings directly through windows or it can heat the building shell to a higher temperature than the ambient, increasing the heat transfer through the building envelope.[9][10]The Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SGHC)[11] (a measure of solar heat transmittance) of standard single glazing can be around 78-85%.[12]. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun, light coloured roofing, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and various types of insulation for the rest of the envelope. Specially coated glazing can reduce SHGC to around 10%[6]. Radiant barriers are highly effective for attic spaces in hot climates [13]. In this application, they are much more effective in hot climates than cold climates. For downward...(and so on)