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The North Sea

Fishing in the North Sea is concentrated in the southern part of the coastal waters. The main method of fishing is trawling.

Annual catches grew each year until the 1980s, when a high point of more than 3 million metric tons (3.3millionS/T) was reached. Since then, the numbers have fallen back to around 2.3 million tons (2.5millionS/T) annually with considerable differences between years. Besides the fish caught, it is estimated that 150,000metrictons (165,000S/T) of unmarketable by-catch are caught and around 85,000metrictons (94,000S/T) of dead and injured invertebrates.[1]

Of the caught fish, about half are used for the production of fish oil and fish meal.

Contents

1 History

2 Overfishing

3 Notes

4 References

//

History

Sturgeon, shad, rays, skates and salmon among other species were common in the North Sea into the 20th century, when numbers declined due to overfishing.[2][3][4][5]

Other factors like the introduction of non-indigenous species, industrial and agricultural pollution, trawling and dredging, human-induced eutrophication, construction on coastal breeding and feeding grounds, sand and gravel extraction, offshore construction, and heavy shipping traffic have also contributed to the decline.

The underside and mouth of a sturgeon

The OSPAR commission manages the OSPAR convention to counteract the harmful effects of human activity on wildlife in the North Sea, preserve endangered species, and provide environmental protection. [6][7] All North Sea border states are signatories of the MARPOL 73/78 Accords which preserves the marine environment by preventing pollution from ships.[8][9] Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands also have a trilateral agreement for the protection of the Wadden Sea, or mudflats, which run along the coasts of the three countries on the southern edge of the North Sea.[10]

At the end of the 19th century large quantities of herring were produced in Scotland. Today mainly mackerel, Atlantic cod, whiting, coalfish, European plaice, and sole are caught. In addition, common shrimp, lobster, and crab, along with a variety of shellfish are harvested.[11]

Overfishing

Trends in landings of Cod, Haddock, Whiting and Norway Pout from the North Sea (1961-2004).

In recent decades, overfishing has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing the marine food chain dynamics and costing jobs in the fishing industry.[12] Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing.[13] Since the 1960s, various regulations have attempted to protect the stocks of fish such as limited fishing times and limited numbers of fishing boats, among other regulations. However, these rules were never systematically enforced and did not bring much relief. Since then, the United Kingdom and Denmark, two important fishing nations, became members of the EU, and have attempted, with the help of the Common Fisheries Policy, to bring the problem under control.[14]

Norway, not a member of the EU, has also reached an agreement with the European Community concerning fishing policy. Regional advisory committees meet with the EU to help enforce policy.[15]

In addition to threats due to food-chain disturbances, non-target species often wind up as victims of intense fishing. Sea turtles, dolphins, harbour porpoises, rays, and dozens of fish species are killed or injured by trawlers nets and beams. Denmark's trawler fishing alone accounts for the deaths of 5,000 porpoises a year. Trawling can also have a destructive effect on seabed habitats as the trawler beams drag along the floor can uproot plants and destroy reefs.[16]

Fish caught in the North Sea in metric tons

Country

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1996

2002

Denmark

96,494

284,527

528,127

1,806,191

1,328,251

1,284,365

1,249,656

Norway

296,337

323,381

480,819

498,777

617,741

618,669

691,062

United Kingdom

308,895

343,002

410,775

389,417

343,205

355,385

295,367

Germany

233,481

305,776

284,685

90,217

108,990

63,647

69,836

Netherlands

64,438

92,119

121,524

213,365

256,597

140,765

146,835

Soviet Union / Russia

89,269

352,857

429,182

7,181

1

0

0

France

79,751

149,769

202,948

100,861

64,860

35,262

55,379

Sweden

43,680

71,899

124,790

86,465

116,695

72,863

131,991

Faroe Islands

38,630

17,111

63,725

71,540

23,292

27,572

0

Iceland

0

50,065

...(and so on)